In an environmental context, "flows" (Throughput) refer to the movement of substances, energy, and information through natural and human-made systems. Flows are a critical component of environmental processes, and understanding the direction and magnitude of flows is essential for effective environmental management.

Examples of flows in the environment include:

1. Water flows: Water is a critical resource for human and natural systems and moves through the environment in various ways, including precipitation, evaporation, and runoff. Understanding water flows is essential for managing water resources, mitigating flood risk, and protecting aquatic ecosystems.

2. Energy flows: Energy flows through natural systems as sunlight and through human-made systems as electricity and fuel. Understanding energy flows is essential for managing energy resources, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and promoting sustainable development.

3. Nutrient flows: Nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus move through natural and human-made systems and are essential for supporting plant growth. However, excessive nutrient flows can lead to environmental problems such as eutrophication, which can harm aquatic ecosystems.

4. Waste flows: Waste flows through human-made systems, including municipal waste and industrial waste, and can have negative environmental impacts if not managed properly.

Understanding flows in the environment requires a systems thinking approach that considers the interconnectedness of natural and human-made systems. This approach can help identify opportunities to optimize flows and minimize negative environmental impacts. Additionally, understanding flows can help guide policy and management decisions to promote sustainable development and protect human and environmental health.